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Teratogenesis - 3/24/2006
Teratogenesis is a medical term from the Greek, literally meaning monster-making, which derives from teratology, the study of the frequency, causation, and development of congenital malformations—misleadingly called birth defects. ...
Mutagen - 3/24/2006
In biology, a mutagen (Latin, literally origin of change) is an agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) of an organism and thus increases the number of mutations above the natural background level. ...
Carcinogen - 3/24/2006
In pathology, a carcinogen is any substance or agent that promotes cancer. Carcinogens are also often, but not necessarily, mutagens or teratogens. ...
Neurotoxicity - 3/24/2006
Neurotoxicity occurs when the exposure to natural or manmade toxic substances (neurotoxicants) alters the normal activity of the nervous system. ...
Nephrotoxicity - 3/24/2006
Nephrotoxicity is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic substances and medication, on the kidney. ...
Homeopathy - 3/24/2006
Homeopathy (also spelled homœopathy or homoeopathy) from the Greek words ?µ????, hómoios (similar) and p????, páthos (suffering), is a controversial system of alternative medicine. ...
The role of public health departments and disease surveillance - 3/24/2006
It is important to note that all of the classical and modern biological weapons organisms are animal diseases, the only exception being smallpox. ...
History of Biological warfare - 3/24/2006
The use of biological agents is not new, but before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms:
...
Biological warfare - 3/24/2006
Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any organism (bacteria, virus or other disease-causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war. ...
Factors influencing toxicity - 3/24/2006
Toxicity of a substance can be affected by many different factors, such as the pathway of administration (is the toxin applied to the skin, inhaled, injected), the time of exposure (a brief encounter or long term), the number of exposures (a single dose or multiple doses over time), the physical form of the toxin (solid, liquid, gas), the genetic makeup of an individual, an individual's overall health, and many others. ...
Toxicity - 3/24/2006
Toxicity (from Greek t?????t?ta - poisonousness) is a measure to the degree to which something is toxic or poisonous. ...
Toxicology - 3/24/2006
Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicon and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. ...
Responsible drug use - 3/24/2006
The concept of responsible drug use is that a person can (for recreational, creative, spiritual, or entheogenic purposes) use a drug without it interfering in other parts of one's life and with no risk of danger to oneself or others. ...
Perioperative mortality - 3/24/2006
Perioperative mortality is mortality in relation to surgery, usually taken as death within two weeks of a surgical procedure. ...
Medical error - 3/24/2006
In the United States medical error is estimated to result in 44,000 to 98,000 unnecessary deaths and 1,000,000 excess injuries each year. ...
Texas Medication Algorithm Project - 3/24/2006
The Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP)is a decision-tree medical algorithm, the design of which was based on the expert opinions of mental health specialists. ...
Medication - 3/24/2006
A medication is a licenced drug taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an illness or medical condition. ...
Medicaid - 3/24/2006
Medicaid in the United States is a program managed by the states and funded jointly by the states and federal government to provide health insurance for individuals and families with low incomes and resources. ...
Medicare Part D - 3/24/2006
Medicare Part D, part of Medicare (United States), is a prescription drug plan for the elderly and disabled in the USA. ...
Biomedical informatics - 3/24/2006
Biomedical informatics is a discipline related to Bioinformatics and has its roots in medical informatics or healthcare informatics. ...
Bioinformatics - 3/24/2006
Bioinformatics and computational biology involve the use of techniques from applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, and computer science to solve biological problems. ...
Designer drug - 3/24/2006
Designer drug is a term to used to describe psychoactive drugs which are created (or marketed, if they had already existed) to get around existing drug laws by modifying their molecular structures to varying degrees. ...
Drug design - 3/24/2006
Drug design is the approach of finding drugs by design, based on what the drug is targeting. ...
Criticism of Cosmeceutical - 3/24/2006
The term "cosmeceutical" is often used in cosmetic advertising, and may be misleading to the consumer. ...
Cosmeceutical - 3/24/2006
Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products that are claimed, primarily by those within the cosmetic industry, to have drug-like benefits. ...
Pharmacology - 3/24/2006
Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon (f??µa???) meaning drug, and logos (?????) meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. ...
Contemporary use of alternative medicine - 3/24/2006
The popularity of CAM therapies is great. A survey released in May 2004 by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine focused on who used complementary and alternative medicine, what was used, and why it was used in the United States during 2002. ...
Complementary and alternative medicine - 3/24/2006
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM is a common abbreviation in the USA) is a diverse set of medical and health care systems, practices, and products encompassing both complementary medicine and alternative medicine. It is presently not considered to be part of conventional medicine. ...
Medical algorithm - 3/24/2006
A medical algorithm is any computation, formula, statistical survey, or look-up table, useful in healthcare. ...
Criticism of evidence-based medicine - 3/24/2006
Critics of EBM say lack of evidence and lack of benefit are not the same, and that the more data are pooled and aggregated, the more difficult it is to compare the patients in the studies with the patient in front of the doctor, i.e. EBM applies to populations, not necessarily to individuals. ...
History of Evidence-based medicine - 3/24/2006
Professor Archie Cochrane was a Scottish epidemiologist whose book Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services (1972) and subsequent advocacy caused increasing acceptance of the concepts behind evidence-based practice. ...
Evidence-based medicine - 3/24/2006
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is a medical movement based upon the application of the scientific method to medical practice, recognizing that many long-established medical traditions are not yet subjected to adequate scientific scrutiny. ...
Drug interaction - 3/24/2006
Drug interaction is a situation in which two or more separate drugs have been absorbed into the body and their effects are affected by each other, i.e. the effects are increased or decreased, or they produce a new effect that neither produces on its own. ...
Prognosis - 3/24/2006
Prognosis (older Greek p?????s??, modern Greek p?????s? - literally fore-knowing, foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the doctor's prediction of how a patient's disease will progress, and whether there is chance of recovery. ...
Complication (medicine) - 3/24/2006
Complication, in medicine, is an unfavorable evolution of a disease, a health condition or a medical treatment. ...
Contraindication - 3/24/2006
In medicine, a contraindication is a condition or factor that increases the risk involved in using a particular drug, carrying out a medical procedure or engaging in a particular activity. ...
Adverse effects of drugs - 3/24/2006
Adverse effects can occur as a collateral or side effect of many interventions, but they are particularly important in pharmacology, due to its wider, and sometimes uncontrollable, use by way of self-medication. Thus, responsible drug use becomes an important issue here. ...
Adverse effects of medical procedures - 3/24/2006
Surgery, of course, may have a number of undesirable or harmful after effects, such as infection, hemorrhage, inflammation, scarring, loss of function, changes in local blood flow, and so on. ...
Adverse effect (medicine) - 3/24/2006
In medicine, an Adverse effect is an abnormal, harmful, undesired and/or unintended side-effect, although not necessarily unexpected, which is obtained as a result of a therapy or other medical intervention, such as drug/chemotherapy, physical therapy, surgery, medical procedure, use of a medical device, etc. ...
Adverse drug reaction - 3/24/2006
An adverse drug reaction (abbreviated ADR) is a term to describe the unwanted, negative consequences sometimes associated with the use of medications. ...
Iatrogenesis - 3/24/2006
Iatrogenesis is the causation of a state of ill health or adverse effect or complication caused by or resulting from medical treatment. ...
Symptomatic treatment - 3/24/2006
Symptomatic treatment is any medical therapy of a disease that only affects its symptoms, not its cause, i.e., its etiology. ...
Pain medicine - 3/23/2006
Pain medicine is a branch of anaesthetics concerned with the treatment of acute and chronic pain. ...
Terminal sedation - 3/23/2006
Terminal sedation (also known as palliative sedation, or sedation for intractable distress in the dying/of a dying patient) is the practice of relieving distress in a terminally ill person in the last hours or days of a patient's life, usually by means of a continuous intravenous or subcutaneous infusion of a sedative drug such as midazolam, a short acting benzodiazepine. ...
Hospice chaplain - 3/23/2006
Hospice chaplains or geriatrics chaplains are, simply, chaplains often assigned by or working with hospitals, seminaries or volunteer organizations, that specialise in providing long-term spiritual care, especially to geriatric patients and those suffering from terminal illness. ...
Treatment of distress - 3/23/2006
The key to effective palliative care is to provide a safe place for the individual to express their distress. ...
Palliative care practice - 3/23/2006
Palliative care most often occurs in the dying person's home. It is also provided in freestanding inpatient (hospice) units and within regular hospital units. ...
Hospice history - 3/23/2006
Hospices were originally places of rest for travellers in the 4th century CE. In the 19th century a religious order established hospices for the dying in Ireland and London. ...
Hospice and palliative care goals - 3/23/2006
More than a place, hospice care is a philosophy that is now called "palliative care." ...
Palliative care - 3/23/2006
Palliative care (from Latin palliare, to cloak) is any form of medical care or treatment that concentrates on reducing the severity of the symptoms of a disease or slows its progress rather than providing a cure. ...
Community health - 3/23/2006
Community health is a discipline that concerns itself with the study and betterment of the health characteristics of communities. ...
Canadian and American health care systems compared - 3/23/2006
The comparison of the health care systems of Canada and the United States is of great importance to both nations. ...
Two-tier health care - 3/23/2006
Two-tier health care is a form of national health care system that is used in most developed countries. ...
Advantages of Medical savings account - 3/23/2006
This plan for the self-employed essentially exists to fund a tax exempt account for medical expenses incurred before an associated 'high deductible' insurance plan begins to cover those expenses. ...
Medical savings account - 3/23/2006
A medical savings account (MSA) is an account where tax-deferred deposits can be made for medical expenses. ...
Health savings account - 3/23/2006
The Health Savings Account (HSA) is a tax advantaged savings plan available to taxpayers in the United States to deposit money to pay for current and future medical expenses. ...
General practitioner in Brazil - 3/23/2006
General practice in Brazil is called clínica geral or clínica médica. ...
General practitioner in Australia - 3/23/2006
General Practice in Australia has undergone many changes in training requirements over the past decade. ...
General practitioner in Canada - 3/23/2006
In Canada, there are no newly qualifying general practitioners: all medical students go on to a specialty, family medicine being the most popular. ...
General practitioner in France - 3/23/2006
In France, the médecin généraliste (commonly called docteur) is responsible for the long term care in a population. ...
General practitioner in India - 3/23/2006
In India to become a GP or a Family Physician, one has to enroll in a medical college and complete the Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) course, which is of four and a half years duration, after which one year of compulsory internship has to be done. ...
General practitioner in Spain - 3/23/2006
In Spain the médico de familia/médico general commonly called médico de cabecera, works in multidisciplinary teams (pediatrics, nurses, social workers and others) on primary care centers. ...
General practitioner in UK - 3/23/2006
In the United Kingdom, doctors wishing to become GPs take at least 4 years training after medical school, which is usually an undergraduate course of five to six years (or a graduate course of four to six years), leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MB ChB): ...
General practitioner in US - 3/23/2006
In the United States, a general practitioner has completed the one-year internship required to obtain a medical license, after having received at least an undergraduate Baccalaureate degree and a four-year Doctor of Medicine or a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree. ...
General practitioner - 3/23/2006
A general practitioner (GP) or family physician (FP) is a physician/medical doctor who provides primary care. ...
Regulation in United Kingdom for Prescription drug - 3/23/2006
In the United Kingdom, a patient visits a doctor (usually a general practitioner in the first instance) who is able to prescribe medicines. ...
Regulation in United States for Prescription drug - 3/23/2006
In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines what requires a prescription. ...
Prescription drug - 3/23/2006
A prescription drug (or POM Prescription Only Medicine, in UK) is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained. ...
Environmental health - 3/23/2006
Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment. ...
Health - 3/23/2006
Health is a term that refers to a combination of the absence of illness, the ability to cope with everyday activities, physical fitness, and high quality of life. ...
Patient-doctor relationship - 3/23/2006
The doctor-patient relationship and interaction is a central process in the practice of medicine. There are many perspectives from which to understand and describe it. ...
Practice of medicine - 3/23/2006
The practice of medicine combines both science and art. Science and technology are the evidence base for many clinical problems for the general population at large. ...
History of medicine - 3/23/2006
Medicine as it is practiced now is rooted in various traditions, but developed mainly in the late 18th and early 19th century in Germany (Rudolf Virchow) and France (Jean-Martin Charcot, Claude Bernard and others). ...
Medicine - 3/23/2006
Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining human health or restoring it through the treatment of disease and injury. ...
Nursing informatics - 3/23/2006
Nursing Informatics is a specialty of Health care informatics which deals with the support of nursing by information systems in delivery, documentation, administration and evaluation of patient care and prevention of diseases. ...
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